English 1: [Subsection (a) of this section shall not apply]1 [to any facilitating or expediting payment to a foreign official, political party, or party official]2 [the purpose of which is]3 [to expedite]4 [or to secure]5 [the performance of a routine governmental action by a foreign official, political party, or party official.]6
1 2 3 4 5 6
English 2: [Subsection (a) of this section shall not apply to any facilitating or ex-pediting payment]1 [to a foreign official, political party, or party official]2 [the purpose of which is]3 [to expedite]4 [or to secure]5 [the performance of a routine governmental action by a foreign official, political party, or party official.]6
1 2 3 4 5 6
Mandarin 1 (traditional → simplified):
[本條(a)款的規定不適用於]1 [給外國官員、政黨或政黨官員的便利性或加速性支付，]2 [如果支付的目的是]3 [加快]4 [或取得]5 [外國官員、政黨或政黨官員的常規政府行動。]6
Mandarin 1 (simplified → traditional):
[本条(a)款的规定不适用于]1 [给外国官员、政党或政党官员的便利性或加速性支付，]2 [如果支付的目的是]3 [加快]4 [或取得]5 [外国官员、政党或政党官员的常规政府行动。]6
1 2 3Δ 4 5 6
Mandarin 2 (traditional → simplified):
[本條(a)款的規定不適用於]1 [給外國官員、政黨或政黨官員的]2 [便利性或加速性支付，]1 [如果支付的目的是]3 [加快]4 [或取得]5 [外國官員、政黨或政黨官員的常規政府行動。]6
Mandarin 2 (simplified → traditional):
[本条(a)款的规定不适用于]1 [给外国官员、政党或政党官员的]2 [便利性或加速性支付，]1 [如果支付的目的是]3 [加快]4 [或取得]5 [外国官员、政党或政党官员的常规政府行动。]6
1 {2} 3Δ 4 5 6
Mode | Text / Speech | Sentence # | Subordinations | |||
| English 1 | English 2 | |||||
| Legal translation | FCPA | 160 | 5 | 5 | ||
Target language | Reordering Σi=1 Σj=i+1 I(xj<xi) | ± Nestings { } {{ }} {{{ }}} | Semantic changes Δ |
|||
| Mandarin 1 | — | ⓪ | — | — | 1 | |
| Mandarin 2 | — | ① | — | — | 1 | |
Difference in analysis: In “English 1,” “payment” in [2] is seen as a process nominal, referring to the process of paying. So it’s treated as the predicate of a proposition. And [3] is seen as an adjunct to the verb underlying that predicate – like saying “[paying a foreign official …]2 [with the purpose]3” In “English 2,” “payment” is seen as a result nominal. So it’s not treated as the predicate of a proposition. And the non-clausal phrase in [2] is seen as a proposition modifying “payment.” This difference in how “payment” is seen is also reflected in “Mandarin 1” and “Mandarin 2.” But in Mandarin, [3] says “if the purpose of payment is” and is seen as an adjunct to [1].
Reason: As useful as it is, the distinction between a process nominal and a result nominal isn’t always clear-cut.
Consequence: The new analysis would lead to a count of 1 rather than 0 for changes in single nestings in the Mandarin translation.